Learning Objectives:

1. Describe the pathophysiology, clinical stages, and natural history of
adhesive capsulitis.
2. Identify key risk factors and clinical examination findings that distinguish
adhesive capsulitis from other causes of shoulder dysfunction.
3. Interpret diagnostic imaging findings commonly associated with adhesive
capsulitis, including characteristic MRI features.
4. Outline evidence-based non-operative and operative treatment options,
including physical therapy, corticosteroid injections, and surgical
interventions.
5. Discuss emerging therapies and future directions in the diagnosis and
management of adhesive capsulitis.